Floods of Fury: The most frequent and costly natural disaster
by Nirma Bora:
Heavy rains have once again triggered deadly floods across
the globe, with 175 people being killed in India alone (WSJ, Aug 2016). Ministry
of Home Affairs in India said the states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat are also among the worst affected this season. Almost
4 million people have been affected in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh alone. In Europe too, rivers are bursting their banks from
Paris to the southern German state of Bavaria, killing people, trapping
thousands and forcing everything from subway lines to castles to shut down. Louisiana,
in the US, is also dealing with some of
the worst flooding to ever hit the state.
A 2015 report by the UN, “The Human Cost of Weather
Related Disasters”, reveals that in the last 20 years, 157,000 people have
died as a result of floods. Flooding alone accounted for 47% of all weather
related disasters (1995-2015), affecting 2.3 billion people, the majority of
whom (95%) live in Asia. Of the floods occurring globally, the ones in India,
Pakistan and the Balkans have been rated the most severe (IFRC, 2015).
The nature of disastrous floods has also changed in recent
years, with flash floods, acute riverine and coastal flooding becoming
increasingly frequent. In addition, urbanization has significantly increased
flood run-offs, while recurrent flooding of agricultural land, particularly in
Asia, has taken a heavy toll in terms of lost production, food shortages and
rural under-nutrition. In rural India, for example, children living in flooded
household were more likely stunted and underweight than those living in
non-flooded households (Rodriguez, 2011). Children exposed to floods in their early
years of life also suffer the highest levels of chronic malnutrition caused by
disruptions in food supply or diarrheal illness caused by contaminated water
(Kousky, 2016).
The frequency of these extreme events is likely to triple
across the Indian Ocean in the coming decade as the manmade global warming is
most likely to shift in the behavior of a naturally-occurring climate cycle,
known as the Indian Ocean Dipole (Freedman, 2014).
Like the Pacific Ocean, which gives rise to El Niño and La Niña events, the Indian
Ocean has its own inherent fluctuations, like oceanic and atmospheric mood
swings, can interact in reinforcing feedback cycles, leading to positive or
negative Dipole events that lead to huge changes in where it rains and how
frequently and heavily it does so.
As flooding, exacerbated
by climate change and
inadequate preparedness has become a recurring hazard, economic losses and
human hardship due to floods continues to rise. An analysis from the World
Resources Institute (WRI) in 2015 shows that river flooding could affect 21
million people and expose $96 billion in GDP worldwide each year. By 2030,
those numbers could grow to 54 million people and $521 billion in GDP affected
every year. India currently has by far the most GDP at
risk, at $14.3 billion, and researchers say this figure could rise more than
10-fold by 2015.
In view of the serious health and socio-economic impacts of
flooding and the possibility of greater losses in the future, flood control
should be regarded as a development issue as well as a humanitarian concern. Priority
should be given to cost-effective mitigation measures in poor regions at high
risk of recurrent flooding, together with post disaster rehabilitation
programmes. It is necessary to promote and harmonise changes in water policies
and land-use practices, as well as environmental protection and nature
conservation, in order to improve flood management in the frame of Integrated
River Basin Management.
Low like countries
like Bangladesh, Malaysia and Philippines have successfully framed coping
strategies to deal with destructive
floods that annually paralyze businesses and work. These are a combination of
structural and non structural mitigation measures. While structural measures
includes physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards,
non structural measures uses knowledge, practice or agreement to reduce risks
and impacts, in particular through policies and laws, public awareness raising,
training and education. A pivotal role is played by community volunteers
in minimizing damage (including fishermen, women, youth and businessmen) who
are trained in vulnerability and capacity assessments, disaster management and
warning dissemination.
People,
governments, businesses, and other organizations in such region must be aware
of the current and future flood risks they face. Once they understand the
risks, they can start to take action soon. Better strategic development
planning by the government at all levels most crucial. The approaches to flood
management presently exercised in many flood prone developing countries need to
be given a re-look to have an integrated strategy for policy and management
related to floods. Replication of best practices and models followed in Bangladesh,
Malaysia and Philippines can also reduce
people and economic assets' exposure to river flood risks.